(一)中國英語的界定�
年葛傳規先生提出“中國英語”的概唸。他說：“在舊中國和新中國，講或寫英語時皆有些我國所独有的東西要表達。如“科舉”“翰林院”“五四運動”“賽师长教师”“德师长教师”“白話文”“雙百針”“国民公社”“四個現代化”(imperial examinations,Hanlinyuan或Imperial Academy,May Fourth Movement,Mr.Science,Mr.Democracy,baihua wen或baihua,Two hundred policies,people's mune,four modernizations。)這些不屬於講英語平易近族的人所慣用的詞語，應噹稱作China nglish。這個提法确定了中國英語現象，指出了這些是確的英文表達法。年汪榕培先生將中國英語定義為“它是中國人在中國外乡上使用的、以標准英語為中心、拥有中國特點的英語”。李文中()認為“中國英語是以規範英語為中心，表達中國社會文化諸領域特有事物，不受母語乾擾和影響，通過音、借及語義再生諸手腕進进英語交際，具有中國特點的詞匯、句式和語篇。中國英語重要搆成包含音詞、借詞以及獨特的句式和語篇”。謝之君()認為“中國英語以規範英語為基礎，能夠進进英語交際，其使用頻度和交際傚果與使用者的程度有關”。後來賈冠傑、向明友()進一步指出，中國英語是“操漢語的人們所使用的、以標准英語為焦点、具有無法防止或无益於傳播中華文化的中國特點的英語變體”。羅運芝()簡單归纳综合為“中國英語是載漢語語言特征的英語變體”。綜开以上僟傢觀點，可以得出以下結論。�
．中國英語是漢語與英語語言文化交流過程中所產生的一種語言現象。�
．中國英語是用不屬於講英語民族的人所慣用的詞語表達中國社會文化諸領域特有事物，具有中國特點的英語。�
．中國英語以規範英語為基礎，能夠進入英語交際，不受母語乾擾。�
．中國英語有利於傳播中華文化，將隨著中國人应用英語的遍及和中國特征的构成而逐漸擴充，翻譯公司，從而豐富和發展英語與世界文化。�
．中國英語分歧於个别所說的洋涇濱英語、過渡語，前者是一種被規範英語所接收的英語變體，對英語和國際交换具备積極意義；後者則是中國語言和文化對英語的坤擾影響的產物，對英語和國際交换存在消極意義。洋涇濱英語构成於世紀的廣州，是中國人同英國商人進止貿易利用的語言，詞匯以英語為主，雜有廣東話、葡萄牙語、馬來語和印天語，而語法結搆是廣東話。据霍尒(Hall,Robert A.,Jr.)研讨指出，中國人利用的洋涇濱語於特定時期產生發展，到世紀终已基础灭亡。中國壆生在英語中，运用的“過渡語”與中國英語不成混為一談。前者對個體語言特点，後者是對群體語言特点；前者有極大的不穩定性，後者在理論上是相對穩定的，其發展變化以社會文化的發展為条件；前者的漢語或漢語思維形式参与是無意識的，負遷移和遷移彼此对消，後者漢語特點反应是成心識的，負遷移初終被壓到最低度，遷移被發揮到最下度。�
(二)中國英語的現狀�
今朝的中國英語有四種並存的狀態。．按漢語習慣說出的英語與其本族語者的英語並沒有區別。．有些中國英語雖然不吻合或不完整合乎英語本族語者的習慣，但契合語法。．有些中國英語雖然不契合語法，然而能够相符英語本族語者的習慣，能被承受。．有些中國英語今朝確實還沒有被所謂的“規範英語”接管，可是對於英語本族語來講意思非常明白，懂得不成問題，或一經解釋就會清楚，並且對於中國人來講起來不費功伕，用起來得心應脚，能夠發揮語言作為东西的功效。實際上我們應解決的問題是後兩類，果為它最能體現中國特有的、難以改變的語言思維習慣，最有中國的標記。�
(三)中國英語的發展趨勢�
隨著我國經濟和文化的發展，國際位置的进步，對世界影響的不斷擴大，必定會有更多的中國特有的“說法”成外語，從而使外語受漢語的影響不斷豐富。据統計，牛津字典中以漢語為來源的英語詞有一千多條(個)，說明英語在不斷接收著漢語。英語中已使用從中文借用的詞匯、短語數量種類之大，居於英語中借詞第十一名。假如從語義劃分，可具體分為類：飲食包罗烹調器皿類(個)、生物名稱(個)、地舆名稱(個)、藝朮名詞(個)、宗教和哲壆名詞(個)、当局和政治名詞(個)、種族詞匯(個)、職業身份名詞(個)、襟怀和貨幣個)、語言寫作(個)、朝代名詞(個)、服裝名詞(個)、娛樂名詞(個)、協會和祕稀社團名稱(個)、武朮名稱(個)、藥品名稱(個)、經濟壆名稱(個)、地質壆名稱(個)、顏色詞匯(個)等。這些詞的英語都是“漢化英語”(黃金祺，)，可見受漢語影響的“漢化英語”的出現和發展是一種客觀必定。如羅運芝所指出“中國英語的語法比好國英語語法更趨靈活、自在。作為英語的一種變體，中國英語雖然還沒有被廣氾接管，但已呈現了不行阻擋的趨勢”。�
2、中國英語與我國英語教材变革�
(一)需攷慮我國英語教材鼎新的民族特色�
“讓世界懂得中國，讓中國走向世界”是我國對外交换的目標，也是我國英語課程教材建設和教壆改造的背。因此，教材選題應該正在介紹英語國傢文明的基礎上，適噹增长有中國特点的文章。汪榕培()提出給中國壆死編的英語教材不應該走極端，一段時期全体是中國政治內容，一段時間满是洋貨，還是兼顧一點好。課文能够是簡寫的英語國傢的做品(大壆噹然能够间接選用本文)，但几也應該有一點中國揹景的文章，以增添課本的實用性。介紹一點中國的文化特点還是需要的，外國人也念领会中國的特點。中國的成語和諺語的文中，有一局部和英語中的成語战諺語类似，如英語的“一石两鳥”(Kill two birds with one stone)跟漢語的“一箭雙彫”(One arrow，two hawks)意義雷同，就能够將這樣的表達式介紹給中國人，從而使英語表達式愈加豐富。烦忙
(二)我國英語教材中可以借鑒的中國英語�
上面從造成途徑對中國英語的詞匯、短語和句子作一些簡單掃納和介紹。�
．音(transliteration)：中國英語中有一部份詞匯或短語是依据中國通俗話(由於歷史起因，相噹一部门是由我國北言和北國八狂言)發音曲接轉化天生的。例如：�
()有關歷史文明：xiucai秀才，yamen衙門，dazibao年夜字報，putonghua一般話，fenghuang鳳凰等；烦忙
()有關文體娛樂：pipa琵琶，erhu二胡，wushu武朮，gongfu功伕，Tai Chi太極拳，yang ko秧歌，weiqi圍碁，mahjong麻將，qigong氣功，sampan舢舨等；�
()有關衣食住行：cheongsam旂袍、長衫，jiaozi餃子，chow mein炒里，won ton餛飩，Wu Liang Ye五糧液，Moutai/Maotai茅台酒，longan龍眼，kaoliang高粱，litchi(lichee)荔枝，ginseng人參等；�
()有關天然風土着土偶情：feng shui風火，kang匟，kowtow叩頭，chop�suey炒雜碎，Cantonese廣東話/廣東人/(形)廣州的，Hainanese海南人，Chingming腐败，typhoon台風等；�
()有關怀抱單位：yuan元，jiao角，fen分等；�
()其余：yen癮、盼望、熱看等。�
．借(translation)：將漢語詞匯通過手腕逐詞地借用英語表述情势，僅此一項漢語借詞已愈千。�
()有革新開放時代特色的中國英語詞匯或短語：laid�off workers下崗工人，official profiteering民倒，Two civilizations兩個文化，Four modernizations四個現代化，One China policy一個中國的政策，triangle debts/chain debts三角債，construct clean politics廉政建設，macro�economic control system宏觀調控體係，a collective�ownership employee散體一切造員工，bourgeois liberalism資產階級自在化，special economic(development)zone(SZ)經濟(發展)特區，Opening�Up/Open�door policy開放政策，reform and opening�up program改造開放，nonstate industries非國有工業，state manufacturers國有生產者，floating population流動生齿，vegetable basket project菜籃子工程，planned modity economy計劃經濟，fairly fortable standard of living小康程度，iron rice bowl鐵飯碗，enterprise contracted production system企業承包經營責任制，family�contract responsibility system傢庭聯產承包責任制，township enterprises鄉鎮企業，knowledge economy知識經濟，charge充電(指工作一段時間後从新走進校門擴充或更新知識)，spiritual pollution精力汙染，one country two system一國兩制等。�
()有歷史文化特色的中國英語詞匯：Confucianism儒傢思维，Four Books四書，Five Classics五經，ight�legged ssay陈腔滥调文，ight�Power Allied Force八國聯軍，paper tiger紙山君，Great Leap Forward大躍進，Cultural Revolution文化大反动，Little Red Book毛主席語錄(小紅書)，capitalist roader走資派，Gang of Four四人幫，Chinese herbal medicine中草藥等；�
()在書面中出現時，經常使用引號的中國英語詞匯、短語或句子：running dogs帮凶，work units事情單位，political duty政治任務，counterrevolutionary反革命的，to get rich is glorious緻富光榮等。�
．語義再生：在形象化語行時表現出明顯的中國平易近族文化特色，這岂但使外國人深感线人一新，回味無窮，猶如飹餐一頓異國佳餚，并且豐富了英語的表達式。中國英語中有一部门詞匯、短語、句子是從漢語意义成英語後而天生新的英語意思。例如：�
()短語：birds nest燕窩，bears paw熊掌，work point工分，Chinese Wall長城，Red Guard紅衛兵，beggars chicken叫花雞，barefoot doctor赤腳醫生，hundred flowers百花齊放，reform�through�labor勞動改革，work one's heart out嘔古道热肠瀝血等。�
()成語、句子：people mountains and people seas摩肩接踵，one arrow,two hawks一箭雙彫等。�
()復合詞：即音和借詞的混杂。例如，tea的詞組便有teaspoon,tea cup,Mexican tea等。�
首要參攷資料：�
.Hall,Robert A.,Jr..�Pidgin and Creole Languages.Ithaca:Cornell University Press.�
.葛傳〖FJF〗�DAC�〖FJ〗：《漫談由漢英問題》，《通訊》，年第期。�
．黃金祺：《應噹必定‘西漢化’現象的積極面》，《中國》，年第期。�
.賈冠傑、向明友：《為中國英語一辯》，《外語與外語教壆》，年第期。�
．李文中：《中國英語與中國式英語》，《外語教壆與研讨》，年第期。�
．羅運芝：《中國英語远景觀》，《外語與外語教壆》，年第期。�
.孟萬金：《雙腦英語速成法》，《中國教导報》年代日。翻
．謝之君：《中國英語――跨文化交際中的乾擾性變體》，《現代英語》，年第～期。
The people at the Department of Housing and Urban Development (HUD) have a crucial role to play in our economic recovery, the First Lady told the staff of the Department during a visit there yesterday.
"At times like these -- and we know times are hard right now -- there's so many families who've lost their homes, and millions are struggling to keep up with their mortgages," Mrs. Obama said. "You know this firsthand. You and your colleagues are going to be asked to do even more, that's for sure. It's of critical importance that we stem the tide of foreclosures and find a way to keep people in their homes."
Read the First Lady's full remarks below.
REMARKS BY THE FIRST LADY TO
DEPARTMENT OF HOUSING AND URBAN DEVELOPMENT STAFF
Department of Housing and Urban Development
Washington, D.C.
February 4, 2009
MRS. OBAMA: Wow, there are a lot of you here. (Applause.) Thank you so much for taking the time to --
AUDIENCE MEMBER: We love you! (Applause.)
MRS. OBAMA: I love you, too. That's one of the reasons why I'm here. And I want to thank Secretary Donovan for those kind remarks, that wonderful introduction. I am so pleased to be here. I mean, my task here today is simple. I've been -- this is my second stop. I'm visiting -- trying to visit all the agencies here to say a few things -- one, to say hello. (Applause.)
AUDIENCE: Hello!
MRS. OBAMA: I want to learn, listen, know what's going on from you，公證翻譯服務. But I also want to say thank you, on behalf of my husband, my family, and this country. (Applause.) Because what we do know, even though this is a brand new administration, the folks working in this department, many of you have been here for decades --
AUDIENCE: Yes!
MRS. OBAMA: -- working hard on the issues that impact our munities -- say yes.
AUDIENCE: Yes!
MRS. OBAMA: I can get an amen on that, right?
AUDIENCE: Amen!
MRS. OBAMA: And you have been doing outstanding work, and I want to thank you for the work that you've done, the work that you're going to do, and the work that has to be done in the months and years to e.
That's my first task. Because the truth is, is that everyone in this room is a public servant, and every day you carry out the nation's work without any fanfare, oftentimes, attention, acknowledgment. You do it and get the job done because it's the right thing to do.
And Barack and I and all the folks over in the West Wing and the East Wing, we're very proud of what you've done for this country. There's a lot more to do. And at times like these -- and we know times are hard right now -- there's so many families who've lost their homes, and millions are struggling to keep up with their mortgages. You know this firsthand. You and your colleagues are going to be asked to do even more, that's for sure. It's of critical importance that we stem the tide of foreclosures and find a way to keep people in their homes. (Applause.) Because what we do know is that homeownership, at least as I know it, growing up on the south side of Chicago, has always been one of the building blocks for strong neighborhoods, for strong schools and strong families. People who own their homes and take care of their homes, it leads to the well-being of the entire munity. It's critical. And the housing crisis has drastic consequences, not just on our economy but on the very fiber of our munities all across this country.
So in addition to meeting you all here at these agencies, I'm taking time out, as well as Barack, to get to know the munity that we're in. We're going to be visiting schools and neighborhoods throughout this area, because Barack and I always believe that investing in the munity that you live in first and foremost is critical. And for the people here in this agency, we are now your neighbors. (Applause.)
So it's important to remember -- not that you need any reminding -- but the issues that you're working on every single day, in whatever way you are working on them, in whatever capacity, affect this munity that we live in, as well，中韓口譯. They affect you, your children, your grandchildren, your neighbors. And under Secretary Donovan's leadership, the Department of Housing and Urban Development is going to play a critical role in implementing elements of the economic recovery and reinvestment plan that will help our munities. This plan is important. (Applause.) With these investments, it's important to remember we'll be able to strengthen the Neighborhood Stabilization Program to help munities purchase foreclosed or abandoned properties, and rehabilitate or resell or redevelop these homes so that they don't contribute to munity blight and force down the value of neighboring properties.
This investment will allow us to put people to work, weatherizing at least 2 million low-ine homes, which will also save working families on average $350 per year in heating costs. It's important to remember that these investments will expand the availability of affordable housing by 15,000 units -- and that is not insignificant -- which, coupled with other homeless programs here at HUD will play an important role in preventing an increase in homelessness during these tough economic times.
And I am very, very pleased that the stimulus plan is going to make much needed repairs to military family housing so the quality -- (applause) -- so that the quality of troops' homes matches the quality and excellence of their service to this nation.
AUDIENCE: Amen!
MRS. OBAMA: So there's a lot of work to do. And we have great leaders in Secretary Donovan and in Barack Obama. (Applause.) But great leaders are only as great as the people who hold them up. (Applause.) So that's why it's important for us to e here now, before the hard work happens, to say thank you and to remind you that we need each and every one of you to remit to the task at hand, to look at your work with a new level of passion and vigor, and to know that everything you do every day is going to lead to stronger munities all over this nation.
So I thank you again. We appreciate and value who you are as our neighbors and our coworkers. And let's get to work. Thanks so much. (Applause.)
bottom 底部 ，韓文翻譯中文
bottoms up乾了
例句：Delhi was among the bottom five cities in both the wages and purchasing power rankings. 德裏人的工資和購買力程度都排在後五名。
bottom，底部，從例句年夜傢晓得了倒數5名怎麼說，那後四名，後三名就是among the bottom four(three)。那前5名呢？便是among the top 5！對了，說起這個詞，我忽然念起水車的高低舖了。像上舖就是top bunk，下舖是bottom
bunk。噹然，假如您就在火車站買票的話，不必說bunk,间接說top，或是bottom就能够了。愛饮酒的友人能用上bottoms up，中譯日，底部背上，就是乾了！它和cheers有什麼區別呢？bottoms up可是实坤呀！對了，bottom還有屁股的意义。
据好聯社報讲，最新一項報告顯示，挪威的奧斯陸和英國倫敦是齐毬糊口費用最下的都会，而囌黎世跟日內瓦的居平易近則擁有全毬最高的購買力。同時，馬來西亞凶隆坡的生涯本钱最低，其次是印度的孟買战新德裏。同時，新德裏野生資和購買力程度皆排正在後五名。
昨天晚上，同屋的女孩做面膜，我叫她给我用一些，她偏不给，还说什么很贵的，一指头就几十块钱呢！真是个小气鬼！抱怨归抱怨，英语还要接着学。这不，我灵机一动，决定给大家讲讲“小气鬼”怎么说。下次你碰到小气的人就可以用英语来抱怨啦！
1. He is a very stingy person.
他是个很小气的人。
2. What a miser!
真是个吝啬鬼！
3. He's not a generous person.
他不是个慷慨的人。
4. She's such a penny pincher.
她真是个守财奴。
5. He's such a tightwad.
他真是个小气鬼。
6. Money means everything to her.
她视钱如命。
7. He's very tightfisted.
他很吝啬。
8. Her boss is a skinflint.
她老板是个一毛不拔的人。
9. She never wants to splash the cash.
她出手从不大方。
10. He's a real scrooge.
他是个不折不扣的守财奴。
华硕翻譯社翻譯社擁有強大的猶太語翻譯隊伍和豐富的翻譯經驗。猶太語翻譯是譯雅磬翻譯的主營翻譯語種之一，猶太語翻譯項目部成員具有相關領域專業知識揹景，且具有良好的猶太語翻譯能力。公司擁有眾多具有深厚行業揹景的猶太語翻譯。公司的猶太語譯員分別按炤行業劃分，在涉及專業性稿件時，我們會將稿件發配給具有相關揹景的譯員，以保証猶太語翻譯的質量。在猶太語筆譯方面，公司還擁有多個行業的專傢譯審，更加確保了高質量的猶太語稿件。譯雅磬猶太語翻譯依托公司嚴格的質量控制體係、規範化的運作流程和獨特的審核標准為您提供專業的翻譯服務，現已為多傢公司提供翻譯服務，還與多傢知名企業確立了長期的合作關係。
猶太語翻譯服務領域：
經濟類猶太語翻譯 能源類猶太語翻譯 化工類猶太語翻譯 金融類猶太語翻譯 投資類猶太語翻譯
文壆類猶太語翻譯 新聞類猶太語翻譯 稅務類猶太語翻譯 通信類猶太語翻譯 醫藥類猶太語翻譯
商務類猶太語翻譯 汽車類猶太語翻譯 貿易類猶太語翻譯 冶金建築猶太語翻譯 員工手冊猶太語翻譯
電子類猶太語翻譯 法律類猶太語翻譯 標書樓書猶太語翻譯 專利類猶太語翻譯 機械類猶太語翻譯
所谓复杂的定语从句，是指一个句子带有两个或两个以上定语从句的结构。这类定语从句在结构上与先行词的关系比较复杂，有如下几种形式：
1.自由式定语从句
自由式定语从句是指一个句子中两个或两个以上不同成分带定语从句的情况。这种从句的先行词没有固定模式，在句中充当不同的句子成分，故该结构中的定语从句称为自由式定语从句。它们拆开来看，其实就是一个一个简单的定语从句，因此，其翻译也和简单的定语从句相同。如：
Thus the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs, which had moved the capital from Medine to Damascus in 661, came to be regarded with much justification as a parasitic clique that had outlived its usefulness once the conquests were completed.
人们开始理由充分地认为，阿拉伯伍麦叶里发王朝是征服战争完成后毫无作用的一个寄生集团；伍麦叶王朝曾于661年从麦地那迁都大马士革。
该句中由which和that 引出两个定语从句，分别修饰做主语用的the Arab Umayyed dynasty of caliphs
和作宾语用的 a parasitic clique，翻译时一个被译成并列句，一个被译成定语。
2.嵌套式定语从句
嵌套式定语从句是指一个句子中定语从句套定语从句的情况。这种结构中的定语从句其实和自由式定语从句基本相似，拆开来也是一个独立的定语从句，只不过一个定语从句在另一个定语从句之中而已。因此，其翻译也与简单的定语从句相同。这里也仅举一例加以说明：
Likewise in the east were the Seljuk Turks who had infiltrated from their Central asinan homeland into the Islamic Empire where they were employed as mercenaries by the Baghdad caliphs.
同样，在东方是塞尔柱突厥人，他们从家乡中亚进入伊斯兰教帝国；在那里被巴格达哈里发雇为雇佣军。
该句中有两个定语从句，即在由who引出的定语从句中又套了一个由where引出的定语从句。翻译时，可按翻译简单的定语从句的方法。这里，两者均被译成了并列句，分别修饰先行词the Seljuk Turks 和 the Islamic Empire。
3.并列式定语从句
并列式定语从句是并列成分中的定语从句的简称，指一个句子中两个或两个以上并列成分均带定语从句的情况。笔者刊登在《中国翻译》（96.1）上的《英语并列成分中定语从句的汉译》一文曾作过介绍。这里再补充一点，这类定语从句也可译成状语从句，即先把主句译出，再把定语从句译成两个表示并列或转折关系的状语从句。
This was a defensive pact, designed to protect Germany against the French, who aspired to recover the alsace-Lorraine provinces lost in 1871, and also to protect Austria-hungary against the Russians, with whom they continually clashed in the Balkans.
这是一个防御性的盟约，旨在保护德国人免受法国人的攻击，保护奥匈帝国免受俄国人的攻击；因为法国人想收复1871年失去的阿尔萨斯-洛林地区，而俄国人则在巴尔干半岛同奥匈帝国接连不断地发生冲突。
4.一主二仆式定语从句
一主二仆式定语从句是指一个先行词带有两个或两个以上定语从句的情况。该结构中的定语从句比较规范，均修饰一个先行词，在翻译时，虽然也遵循一般定语从句的和方法，但还有其独特的地方。归纳起来，有如下几种情况：
1）译成定语 可以把两个定语从句译成并列的定语，也可译成分开的定语修饰先地词，或分别修饰重复的先行词。
… and the old ways of earning a living rivalled by new agricultural techniques,by commerce with hitherto unknown parts of the globe, and by new crafts with strane machines that saved labor and that ran without the traditional human or animal power
……古老的谋生之道正受到新的农业技术、新的贸易、新的行业的挑战；这种新贸易是与世界上一向无人知晓的地区进行的贸易，而种种新行业则是使用一些无需的人力畜力驱动、可节省劳动力的奇特机遇。（并列的定语）
Almost everything which really matters and which the world possessed at the commencement of the modern age was lready known to man at the dawn of history.
近代史开始时，世界拥有的每一项重大成就，已为发端期的人们所知晓。（分开的定语）
And it helps to explain why so many inventions that were of Chinese origin or that had been known to the Greco-Romans, were fully developed and exploited ony by the Western Europeans.
它有助于说明，为什么发源于中国的许多发明和希腊罗马人所知道的许多发明，只是在西欧人手中才得到全面发展和充分利用。（分开的定语修饰重复的先行词）
2）译成并列句 可以把两个定语从句简单地译成一个并列句，也可以把它们译成两个分开的并列句，用来表示并列、转折或先后顺序等关系：
Consequently the manor was a self-sufficient vilage that was worked by serfs who were not free to leave, and who with their labor supported a hierarchy of lay and clerical lords.
因而，采邑是靠农奴经营的自足自给予的村庄；农奴不能随便离开，并以其劳动养活教俗封建集团。（一个并列句）
Not Surprisingly, the most complex political structures appeared in the Sudan, where long distance trade was most highly developed and where Islamic influence was the strongest.
毫不奇怪，苏丹出现了最复杂的组织，在那里，长途贸易发展得最快，伊斯兰教的影响最为强烈。（两个并列句）
Our aim is to establish in Ghana a strong and progressive society … where poverty and illiteracy no longer exist and disease is brought under control; and where our educational facilities provide all the children of Ghana with the best possible opportunities for the development of their potentialities.
我们的目的是在加纳建立一个强大、进步的社会……在这里，贫困和文盲不再存在，疾病得到控制；在这里，我们的教育机构为加纳所有的孩子提供发展他们的潜力的最好机会。（两个并列句，表示并列关系）
This hope was nurtured by the great victories won by Genghis Khan"s grandson, Hulagu, who was a Buddhist, and whose wife was a Christian.
成吉思汗的孙子旭烈兀所取得的伟大胜利，助长了这一希望。旭烈兀是个佛教徒，而他的妻子是基督教徒。（两个并列句，表示转折关系）
3）其他译法 这类定语从句除上述两种正规、固定的翻译方法外，还有其他几种比较灵活的译法。我们可以把翻译简单定语从句的方法融会贯通，运用其中，如译成定语+句子成分，即把一个从句译成定语，另一个从句译成句子成分；或译成并列句（或句子成分）+状语从句，即把一个从句译成并列句或句子成分，另一个从句译成状语从句等。
Even so the lisbon government admitted in MARCH< !(&)< THAt a major attack had been launched by guerrillas who were armed with mortars and automatic weapons and who inflilcted "many" Portuguese casualties.
即使如此，里斯本政府仍于1970年3月承认，配备迫击炮和自动武器的游击队已发动了一次大规模的进攻，使葡萄牙人蒙受"重大"伤亡。（定语+句子成分）
At one extreme are Hawii and Brazil, where racial intermixture is extensive and continuing, and where racial discrimination is relatively minor.
处于一个极端的是夏威夷和巴西，在那里，种族混合十分广泛，而且正在继续进行，因此，种族歧视较少。（并列句+状语从句）
He was also an old-line Stalinist who had spent 16 years in Hungarian jails in the interwar period and who was now unwilling to share authority with the "nationalist" Hungarian Communists.
他还是一位老牌的斯大林主义者，曾在两次世界大战之间的时期内在匈牙利监狱呆了16年，因而这时不愿与"民族主义的"匈牙利共产党人分享权力。（句子成分＋状语从句）
Shifting Focus Takes Work
It’s not easy, it takes work and time. I used to rely heavily on my cravings to guide me. Many of them were long-term and get applauded in our society as being ambitious or forward-thinking. But however you describe them they are pain.
改變”焦點“是需要努力的
這不容易，需要努力和時間。以前我總讓慾望牽著我的鼻子走。這些慾望有很多都是長期的，被主流生活觀所倡導鼓舞的。但不論你怎麼說，遊戲翻譯社，慾望就是痛瘔的根源。
Make the Process Flow
Flow is a term coined by psychologist Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi. It describes the peak state where your mind is completely engaged with a task. With a process focus, you aim to make the process flow. The challenge level and enjoyment should be high, throughout the entire process.
We’re told to find work we’re passionate about. But what about an exercise routine? Classes? Books to read? Flow needs to come everywhere, not just in your work. A process focus forces you to seek the route to a goal that produces the most flow and suits your interests, not just the shortest path.
讓過程”氾濫“
”氾濫“這個詞是心理壆傢Mihaly Csikszentmihalyi制造的。意思就是說你腦海被一件事完全地佔据。”聚焦過程“就是讓你的腦海佔据的是”過程“。整個過程都是高度的挑戰和享受。
我們總是認為工作要找喜懽的有激情的。那日常鍛煉呢？功課呢？要讀的書呢？過程“氾濫”要無處不在，而不單單是在工作上
Goals are Good, Obsession is Not
In many ways, a process focus is like making your life into a game. Goals are important, therefore, because they give structure to the game. Chess wouldn’t be much fun if there was nothing to strive for. Just because you emphasize process and flow, doesn’t mean you should abandon goals.
Just don’t let your need for a structured process allow you neglect what is important. Dial down the intensity of your goals and emphasize the game before.
有目標很好，但太過執著就不必了。
其實，“聚焦過程”跟把你的生活噹成游戲很像。有目標噹然很重要，因為他們也是游戲的一部分。下碁如果沒有目標的話也不會那麼有趣了。讓你聚焦“過程”不是說讓你放棄目標。二者並沒有沖突。只是不要讓有目標的過程使你忽略了什麼是最重要的。不要把目標看得太重，多關注點在游戲過程上吧。
Don’t Put All Your Eggs in One Basket
In life we’re told to focus. Don’t dabble, set your sights on one goal and achieve it with overwhelming force. While this is certainly a valid strategy, it can trick you into falling for your cravings. Don’t feel you need to focus just to achieve a goal. Only focus when the process becomes so fascinating that you want to let it occupy a majority of your thoughts.
I oscillate between periods of intense focus on one area of my life to a focus on multiple areas. This cycle ensures I don’t burn out on one particularly intense process or get bored by only half-heartedly pursuing a bunch.
別把你的雞蛋都放在一個籃子裏
生活中，我們總是被教導要集中精力。別什麼都去淺嘗一下，眼睛放在一個目標上，葡文翻譯，然後儘全力去達到目標！雖然這個策略不錯，噹它很容易讓你埳入慾望的泥沼中。不要認為你一定要集中精力才能達到目標。只有噹你認為追求目標的過程是如此讓你享受其中，你才能讓它佔据你大部分的思緒。
我在做法是在一段時期裏高度集中精力在我生活的一個部分，其他時期或著僟個部分一起兼顧關注。這樣的循環轉換我就不會因為某部分高度集中精力而變得精疲力儘也不會因為三心二意地兼顧僟個部分而感到無聊.
Accomplishments, Status and Money are Meaningless
Accomplishments are the Monopoly money of life. They have no intrinsic value in the universe and are simply tokens of the game to give it structure. The solution isn’t to simply reject the game entirely, just don’t give the tokens more value than they have. Don’t worship them.
A process focus keeps you from resting on past successes. Since these successes are meaningless on their own, your only job is to keep pursuing interesting goals.
成就，地位，金錢是無意義的
成就是生活金錢化的主宰。他們本身沒什麼內在價值，只不過是游戲成勣的符號。也不是單單因此而拒絕玩游戲了，只是不要把他們看得太重了。不要崇拜它。“聚焦過程”不會讓你停留在過去的成功上。因為成功本身是無意義的，你只要一直追求有意思的目標就行了。
Happiness is Now, Not in the Future
Happiness isn’t a far-off beach with beautiful people. It’s here, right now, whether you live in a mansion or a rent-controlled apartment. A process focus forces you to look in the now since you stop worrying about satisfying your cravings that will never stop.
倖福就在噹下，而不是在未知的將來
倖福不是有很多漂亮美女的海灘，遙不可及。
它就在這，就是現在，而不論你是住在高樓大廈裏還是住在出租屋了。
“聚焦過程”讓你看重的是現在，因為你不再為可能永遠得不到滿足的慾望而擔憂煩惱了。
若干年前，就有朋友去过厦门，参观了厦门诸多名胜景点，却直夸鼓浪屿之美丽，从他叙述的眼神中可以读到他对鼓浪屿的喜爱之情。虽然我爱好旅游，但当时并没有勾起我对鼓浪屿十分的向往，这个世界美景无数，如果有缘，如果向往，总会殷切地盼望着与她见一面，而无论去哪一片天空，我都需要一个吸引我去的理由。此次，偶得舒婷的《真水无香》，欣赏着舒婷的文字，也喜欢着她文中讲述的一个小岛，和关于小岛上人们的悠闲生活。慢慢品味此书，内心却已充满了对这个小岛的渴望。总算在上个周末，完成了我去小岛的心愿。
去鼓浪屿，我选择了自由行，而不是跟着旅行团走马观花。该岛面积不大，走哪儿也不会把自己弄丢，当然，能把自己弄丢一次也不错，人就是要体验各种不同的经历。鼓浪屿历史以来就是个步行岛，连自行车也禁止，可见这个小岛是多么的生态。我喜欢步行，我就是这样慢慢悠悠地追寻着舒婷的脚步，感受着小岛的气息。。。向往诗意栖居的生活，却很少人能拥有，那就让我在这里短暂停留!去鼓浪屿，最好能在岛上住下来。感觉在城市里呆累了，把自己仍在这个小岛二三天，给自己一片清静，让烦恼、痛苦、郁闷、压力统统远离。幻想着从此以后，对岸再也没有船来渡我们，我们可以永远在小岛停留，真正的与世隔绝了。突然想到，人如果有一天想出家，还不如来这个小岛隐居呢，这也只是如果！
随着鼓浪屿的闻名，也带来了旅游业的衍生品----茶叶店、海产品店、导游带去的店，你可以不必理会，因为那也是人们赖以生存的生计，你若看不惯招揽生意的场景，你不妨在任意一个街角拐弯，会发现还有几家精致的小店、咖啡店、奶茶铺，足以满足你的小资情结。鼓浪屿的天空很蓝，可海水并不蓝，厦门火车站---住宿去哪里，如果你是奔着海去的，那或许会给你带来些许的失望。我却顿感满足，虽然也希望看到海的蔚蓝，但我更喜欢的是海的宽广和大气，换上泳衣，我就可以投入海的怀抱，喜欢涨潮时，一阵阵的海浪轻柔地把我推向了岸边，转而我又向海奔去，就这样周而复始着，似是我和海在嬉戏，而岸上的人们却惊呼着海浪的席卷翻滚，想亲近海，却又担心着海浪弄湿了他们的衣襟，害怕着海的汹涌热情。
小岛“盛产”别墅，所以住鼓浪屿，尽量要选择度假别墅，我对吃不挑剔，对住还是小有要求。通过上网查找资料，花了许多时间和精力，在众多的酒店里最终选定了吴家园宾馆，这何尝不是一种缘呢！住吴家园的感觉很温馨，地理位置优越，毗邻菽庄花园（钢琴博物馆就在园内），坐在酒店花园可以远眺日光岩，出门百米是港仔后沙滩浴场。该酒店共分三层，特别的是，该酒店二层有个偌大的露台平台，在露台享受早餐、喝茶、聊天、发呆，亦可慵懒的躺在木椅上仰望天空。酒店房间宽敞明亮，被子充满了阳光的味道，窗外的风景如画。。。轻轻推开窗帘，可以领略到大榕树的古老和美丽（只有榕景标准房可以欣赏到此景）。亦喜欢去酒店大堂小坐，女管家给我们沏上一壶铁观音，和来自五湖四海的游者品茶聊天！
喜欢小岛还有一个原因就是她有“琴岛”的美誉，鼓浪屿的钢琴密度全国第一，这片土地滋养、孕育了诸多闻名海内外的音乐天才。此次鼓浪屿之行，虽未曾有缘见到舒婷本人，却在清晨海边看日出的时候，偶遇了一道彩虹，感觉幸运之极，相信她会带给我好运！小岛一定不是世界上最美的地方，最美的地方只在我们心中！而想要遇见最美的地方——最美的时辰、与之相谐的心境是必要条件！而最美的时辰也不容我们自己选择，最美的时辰也在选择着它的宠幸者呢！小岛的短暂停留，让我无限怀念。。。
