Is it ever proper for a medical doctor to lie to his patient? Should he tell a patient he is dying? These questions seem simple enough, but it is not so simple to give a satisfactory answer to them. Now a new light is shed on them.
TO LIE OR NOT TOLIE―THE DOCTOR'S DILEMMA
Sissela Bok
Should doctors ever lie to benefit their patients ―― to speed recovery or to conceal the approach of death? In medicine as in law, government, and other lines of work, the requirements of honesty often seem dwarfed by greater needs: the need to shelter from brutal news or to uphold a promise of secrecy; to expose corruption or to promote the public interest.
What should doctors say, for example, to a 46-year-old man ing in for a routine physical checkup just before going on vacation with his family who, though he feels in perfect health, is found to have a form of cancer that will cause him to die within six months? Is it best to tell him the truth? If he asks, should the doctors deny that he is ill, or minimize the gravity of the illness? Should they at least conceal the truth until after the family vacation?
Doctors confront such choices often and urgently. At times, they see important reasons to lie for the patient's own sake; in their eyes, such lies differ sharply from self-serving ones.
Studies show that most doctors sincerely believe that the seriously ill do not want to know the truth about their condition, and that informing them risks destroying their hope, so that they may recover more slowly, or deteriorate faster, perhaps even mit suicide. As one physician wrote: "Ours is a profession which traditionally has been guided by a precept that transcends the virtue of uttering the truth for truth's sake, and that is 'as far as possible do no harm.'"
Armed with such a precept, a number of doctors may slip into deceptive practices that they assume will "do no harm" and may well help their patients. They may prescribe innumerable placebos, sound more encouraging than the facts warrant, and distort grave news, especially to the incurably ill and the dying.
But the illusory nature of the benefits such deception is meant to produce is now ing to be documented. Studies show that, contrary to the belief of many physicians, an overwhelming majority of patients do want to be told the truth, even about grave illness, and feel betrayed when they learn that they have been misled. We are also learning that truthful , humanely conveyed, helps patients cope with illness: helps them tolerate pain better，日文翻譯, need less medicine, and even recover faster after surgery.
Not only do lies not provide the "help" hoped for by advocates of deception; they invade the autonomy of patients and render them unable to make informed choices concerning their own health, including the choice of whether to be patient in the first place. We are being increasingly aware of all that can befall patients in the course of their illness when is denied or distorted.
Dying patients especially ―― who are easies to mislead and most often kept in the dark ―― can then not make decisions about the end of life: about whether or not they should enter a hospital, or have surgery; about where and with whom they should spend their remaining time; about how they should bring their affairs to a close and take leave.
Lies also do harm to those who tell them: harm to their integrity and, in the long run, to their credibility. Lies hurt their colleagues as well. The suspicion of deceit undercuts the work of the many doctors who are scrupulously hones with their patients; it contributes to the spiral of lawsuits and of "defensive medicine," and thus it injures, in turn, the entire medical profession.
Sharp conflicts are now arising. Patients are learning to press for answers. Patients' bills of rights require that they be informed about their condition and about alternatives for treatment. Many doctors go to great lengths to provide such . Yet even in hospitals with the most eloquent bill of rights, believers in deception continue their age-old practices. Colleagues may disapprove but refrain from objecting. Nurses may bitterly resent having to take part, day after day, in deceiving patients, but feel powerless to take a stand.
There is urgent need to debate this issue openly. Not only in medicine, but in other professions as well, s may find themselves repeatedly in difficulty where serious consequences seem avoidable only through deception. Yet the public has every reason to be wary of professional deception, for such practices are peculiarly likely to bee deeply rooted, to spread, and to erode trust. Neither in medicine, nor in law, government, or the social sciences can there be fort in the old saying, "What you don't know can't hurt you."
New Words
dilemma
n. a situation in which one has to make a choice between two equally unsatisfactory things; a difficult choice 困境，進退兩難
benefit
vt. do good to 有利於
recovery
n. the process or fact of getting back to a former state of good health，美加; the state of recovering or being recovered 康复，韓文翻譯；復得
conceal
vt. hide, keep from being seen or known 隱瞞
line
n. a business, profession, trade, etc. 止業
dwarf
vt. cause to appear small by parison 使矮小，使相形見絀
n. a person, animal, or plant of much less than the usual size 矮小；矮小的動（植）物
shelter
vi. take shelter; find protection 遁藏
vt. provide shelter for; protect 遮蔽；庇護
brutal
a. cruel, severe
uphold
vt. support 收撐；維護
secrecy
n. the practice of keeping secrets; the state of being secret
expose
vt. disclose; leave uncovered or unprotected 揭穿；裸露
corruption
n. dishonesty; immoral behaviour 堕落，品德敗壞
promote
vt. help to grow or develop; raise in rank, condition, or importance 促進，推進；晋升
checkup
n. a general medical examination
minimize
vt. reduce to the smallest possible amount or degree
gravity
n. the quality of being serious critical 嚴重性
confront
vt. meet face to face; oppose （英勇天）里對；對抗
urgently
ad. in an urgent manner 緊慢地，急切地
urgent a.
self-serving
a. serving one's own interests; seeking advantage for oneself 利已的
recover
vi. get well; get back to a normal condition
deteriorate
v. （cause to ） bee worse （使）惡化
suicide
n. the act of killing oneself
physician
n. a doctor of medicine 內科醫死
traditionally
ad. by tradition; in a traditional manner
precept
n. a rule of moral conduct; maxim 戒律；格行
precept
vt. rise above or go beyond the limits of; surpass 超出
virtue
n. goodness or moral excellence; a good quality 好德；優點
utter
vt. speak; give out
deceptive
a. deceiving or misleading; meant to deceive
innumerable
a. too many to be counted
placebo
n. substance given instead of real medicine to a patient for psychological effect 抚慰劑
warrant
vt. justify; authorize; guarantee 使有（正噹）来由；授權（給）；擔保
distort
vt. give a false account of; twist out of the usual shape 曲解；弄正
grave
a. serious; requiring careful consideration 嚴重的；嚴肅的
incurably
ad. beyond cure
illusory
a. deceptive and unreal; based on an illusion 虛幻的
deception
n. deceiving or being deceived; a trick intended to deceive 欺騙；詭計
document
vt. prove or support with documents 用文件証明
contrary
a. pletely different or wholly opposed 相反的；對抗的
overwhelming
a. too many, too great, or too much to be resisted 勢不成擋的；壓倒之勢的
betray
vt. be unfaithful to; deceive 揹叛
truthful
a. true
humanely
ad. tenderly, kind-heartedly 仁愛地；人性地
tolerate
vt. allow or endure with protest 容忍
advocate
n. person who speaks for an idea, way of life, etc. 擁護者，倡導者
benevolent
a. intending or showing good will, kindly, friendly 善良的
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